Which of the following is an example of an ecological correlation?

Which of the following is an example of an ecological correlation?

An example of an ecological correlation between two variables is the number of years of education and average income. We can see that these two variables are positively correlated quite strongly: the higher the number of years of education, the greater the average income level.

What is an example of an ecological fallacy?

The ecological fallacy consists in thinking that relationships observed for groups necessarily hold for individuals: if countries with more Protestants tend to have higher suicide rates, then Protestants must be more likely to commit suicide; if countries with more fat in the diet have higher rates of breast cancer.

What does the ecological fallacy get wrong?

States may not be wealthier because they contain more wealthy people (i.e. more people with annual incomes over $200,000), but rather because they contain a small number of super-rich individuals; the ecological fallacy then results from incorrectly assuming that individuals in wealthier states are more likely to be …

What does ecological fallacy mean in statistics?

In social and environmental sciences, ecological fallacy is an incorrect assumption about an individual based on aggregate data for a group.

What is the meaning of ecological fallacy?

ecological inference fallacy
Ecological fallacy, also called ecological inference fallacy, in epidemiology, failure in reasoning that arises when an inference is made about an individual based on aggregate data for a group. Nonetheless, details about individuals may be missed in aggregate data sets.

How can ecological fallacy be reduced?

To prevent ecological fallacy, researchers with no individual data can model first what is occurring at the individual level, then model how the individual and group levels are related, and finally examine whether anything occurring at the group level adds to the understanding of the relationship.

How is ecological correlation related to the ecological fallacy?

However, when we look at the individual level the correlation would not be as strong. Ecological correlation is related to the ecological fallacy and is one instance of this kind of fallacy. This type of logical fallacy infers that a statistical statement pertaining to a group also applies to the individuals within that group.

How are individual correlations and ecological correlations related?

In brief, the individual correlation depends upon the internal frequencies of the within-areas individual correlations, while the ecological correlation depends upon the marginal frequencies of the within-areas individual correlations.

How is the ecological correlation related to literacy?

The ecological correlation suggests a positive association between foreign birth and literacy: the foreign-born are more likely to be literate (in American English) than the native-born. In reality, the association is negative: the correlation computed at the individual level is −:11. The ecological correlation gives the wrong inference.

What are the limitations of a correlational study?

Another limitation is that there is no effective way of taking into account, or adjusting for, other factors that influence the outcome (confounding factors). As a result, an apparent correlation, or the lack of a correlation could be misleading.

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