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What are the standard transmission line voltages?
Commonly used transmission voltages are 69 kV and 138 kV. There are also 44 kV, 115 kV, 161 kV, 169 kV, and 230 kV systems. On large utility systems, there are bulk transmission and inter-connection circuits at 345 kV, 500 kV and more recently 765 kV.
How do I know the voltage of my transmission line?
In the transmission line, the wave’s voltage is ZT times its current. But the load voltage must be ZL times the load current. If ZT = ZL, then the wave voltage will appear on the load and all the wave current will flow through the load.
What are the properties of an ideal transmission line?
Sufficient conditions for building an ideal transmission line are that you have two perfect conductors with zero resistance, uniform cross section, separation much smaller than the wavelength of the signals conveyed, and a perfect (lossless) dielectric.
What is voltage profile of transmission line?
You may show the voltage profile along the length of a transmission line in two ways. up to 100% of the length of the transmission line. The voltage shown at 0% represents the voltage at the FROM bus of the transmission line. The voltage shown at 100% represents the voltage at the TO bus of the transmission line.
What is standard distribution voltage?
As indicated previously, the standard primary distribution voltage levels include 4.16kV, 7.2kV, 12.47kV, 13.2kV, 14.4kV, 23.9kV, and 34.5kV. However, equipment is specified in terms of voltage class. Equipment of one voltage class may be utilized in at any operating voltage assigned to that class.
What is the voltage on residential power lines?
The voltage of a local transmission line is 13,800 volts. This voltage is then lowered even further to between 220 and 440 volts for industrial use and from 120 to 240 volts for commercial and residential customers.
What is meant by voltage profile?
Voltage profile of the system changes on variation of the values of loads connected to power transmission line and using these voltage values on bus 1 and bus 2 on different values of resistive loads a Artificial Neural Network is developed after training. This is called the training phase[21].
What are high voltage transmission lines?
What is a High Voltage Line? High voltage transmission lines deliver electricity over long distances. The high voltage is required to reduce the amount of energy lost during the distance. Unlike other energy sources such as natural gas, electricity can’t be stored when it is not used.
How are voltages maintained in power transmission lines?
From this generating substation power is sent to the nearer substation to increase the voltage level higher than previous. This level of voltage is increased at different suitable levels, it may be at 400 kV or 765 kV or 1000 kV. This high voltage or extra high voltage level is maintained to transmit the power to a long distant substation.
What is the capacitance of a transmission line?
Line capacitance present in-between conductors separated by any insulating medium (often air or FR-4 material). These two facts lead us to a basic, well-documented model of a conductor depicted in Figure 2, which is commonly referred to as the lumped parameter model.
How to calculate the ideal transmission line with Fourier transform?
If we represent our input V (0, t) as a sum of sinusoids using a Fourier transform, all these sinusoids will propagate along the transmission line at the same speed, so that their sum will remain undistorted as it propagates, and we will have our ideal transmission line: V ( x, t) = V (0, t − τ) with τ = x √ ( LC ).
Why is high voltage AC used in transmission lines?
Especially for long distant transmission line high voltage AC is transmitted for several reasons, they are: AC voltage can be stepped up or down as per requirement easily by transformer. Maintenance of AC substation is easy and cheaper. Throughout electrical power system AC voltage is handled.