Useful tips for everyday
How do you choose colors for data visualizations Chartio? Avoid having two colors with the same hue, but different lightness and saturation, unless the values…
What is standard deviation over average? The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure of relative variability. It is the ratio of the standard deviation…
How to perform k-means clustering in R? To perform k-means clustering in R we can use the built-in kmeans () function, which uses the following…
How do you test data for independence? Recall the definition of independence from Probability and Probability Distribution. Two events, A and B, are independent if…
How do you find the equivalent z-score? How do you calculate the z-score? The formula for calculating a z-score is is z = (x-μ)/σ, where…
What do Scatterplots represent? A scatterplot is a type of data display that shows the relationship between two numerical variables. Each member of the dataset…
Does analysis using last observation carried forward introduce bias in dementia research? The use of last observation carried forward in analyses can introduce bias that…
What do you need to know about PCA algorithms? Often, people end up making a mistake in thinking that PCA selects some features out of…
How do you find the average path length on a graph? We can calculate average path length of a graph by using following formula: Here…
What are the regression problem? A regression problem is when the output variable is a real or continuous value, such as “salary” or “weight”. Many…