Useful tips for everyday
What is the meaning of invariance principle? An invariance principle is a result permitting us to change our underlying probability space—such. as occurs in a…
What is the relationship between p-value and probability? A p-value is a measure of the probability that an observed difference could have occurred just by…
How are IQs normally distributed with mean and variance? Recalling that IQs are normally distributed with mean μ = 100 and variance σ 2 =…
What is an age-adjusted rate? Rates that are based on the same age distribution can be compared to each other without the presence of confounding…
What happens when your predicts too many values? The behaviour you are seeing is what happens when R can’t find a correctly-named variable in newdata;…
What is a good silhouette index? The Silhouette Index measure the distance between each data point, the centroid of the cluster it was assigned to…
Where does the standard error on the mean come from? The standard error on the mean may be derived from the variance of a sum…
What are the prerequisites to stochastic processes? The official prerequisites are an introductory probability course (Math 309/Stat 311/Math 431/Math 531) and a course in linear…
How many outcomes are possible with 4 choices? It also means that when we selected one item (four choices), we created four different combinations with…
Why are my clusters not the same size? If they vary, the clusters may not have the same size, or may be not well separated;…