Useful tips for everyday
How does probability relate to distribution? In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of…
How are categorical predictors used in logistic regression? In this chapter, we will further explore the use of categorical predictors, including using categorical predictors with…
How to test the proportional hazard assumption in Cox Models? STATA The sts graph command in STATA will generate the survival function versus time graph.…
What does a linear model predict? Statistical researchers often use a linear relationship to predict the (average) numerical value of Y for a given value…
How do you prove a solution is unique? In the case of the solutions to the equation ax+b=0, you have to distinguish two cases: if…
What is standard deviation in Gaussian distribution? The standard deviation is the measure of how spread out a normally distributed set of data is. It…
What is a sub population? : an identifiable fraction or subdivision of a population. What is sub population in research? A subpopulation is essentially a…
What are instrumental variables? An instrumental variable (sometimes called an “instrument” variable) is a third variable, Z, used in regression analysis when you have endogenous…
How do you write k-fold cross validation in R? Below are the steps for it: Randomly split your entire dataset into k”folds” For each k-fold…
What is certainty factor in AI? A certainty factor (cf), a number to measure the expert’s belief. The maximum value of the certainty factor is,…